一起翻译一篇英文文献(Review on Fed-Batch Fermentations)吧

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翻译有有问题请帮忙指出来,谢谢! 引用请注明出处( from www.fajiaoren.com)
Review on Fed-Batch Fermentations: (批发酵综述)
Mathematical Modelling, Parameters and Control(数学建模,参数和控制)
1. Introduction(引言)
1.1. Environmental design (环境设计)
1.2. Fermentation design (发酵设计)
1.3. Scope of the project (项目的范围)
2. Basic modes of operation (操作的基本模式)
2.1. Batch fermentation (批发酵)
2.2. Continuous culture (连续培养)
2.3. Fed-Batch reactors (补料分批反应器)
3. fed-batch fermentations (补料分批发酵)
3.1. Fixed volume fed-batch (定体积补料分批发酵)
3.2. Variable volume fed-batch (变体积补料分批发酵)
3.3. Advantages and disadvantages of fed-batch culture (补料分批发酵的优缺点)
3.4. Equipment(装备)
3.4.1. Vessels (容器)
3.4.2. Pumps (泵)    ( from www.fajiaoren.com)
3.5. Control techniques for fed-batch fermentations (补料分批发酵的控制技术)
3.6. Modelling of fed-batch reactors (补料分批反应模型)
3.6.1. Fixed volume fed-batch (定体积补料分批发酵)
3.6.2. Variable volume fed-batch (变体积补料分批发酵)
3.6.3. Models of possible situations that may occur in fed-batch fermentation (补料分批发酵不同情形下的模型)
3.7. Parameters used to control fed-batch fermentations (用控制补料分批发酵的参数)
3.7.1. Calorimetry (热量测定)
3.7.2. Specific growth rate (比生长速率)
3.7.3. Substrate (carbon or nitrogen source) 底物(碳源或氮源)
3.7.4. By-product concentration (副产物浓度)
3.7.5. Inductive, enhancer or enrichment components (诱导物,促进剂或富加成份)
3.7.6. Respiratory quotient (呼吸熵)
3.7.7. General feeding mode (普通的补料模式)
3.7.8. Proton production rate (生产率)
3.7.9. Fluorescence (荧光性)  ( from www.fajiaoren.com)
3.8. Parameters to start and finish the feed, and stop the fed-batch fermentation (开始和结束补料及停止补料分批发酵时的参数)
3.9. Preliminary knowledge required to implement fed-batch (执行补料分批发酵的预备知识)
3.10. Algorithms for operating a fed-batch reactor at optimum specific growth rate (model independent and applicable to adapting systems) (以优化的比生长速率进行分批补料发酵时的算法(在自适应系统下,应用模型))
3.11. Some examples of fed-batch use in industry (在工业发酵过程中的一些案例)
4.conclusion(总结)
5.reference(参考文献)

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1. Introduction
One of the main tasks of a bioprocess engineer regards the study, control and maintenance of a biological process such as the production of beverages, pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, enzymes, biochemicals, enzyme-catalyzed reactions, food processing and biological waste treatment. These processes require a well-designed growth environment to obtain maximum yield of product and consequently, these conditions need to be carefully controlled at specific certain points or narrow ranges which often follow specified trajectories. Environmental design comprises the determination of the environmental of the process, while fermentation engineering provides the means for meeting those requirements.
The introduction presented here intends to familiarize the reader with basic concepts of fermentation design and engineering, as a required background to understand the scope of the project - Optimization and Adaptive Control of Fed-Batch Reactors.
1、引言
生物过程工程师的一个主要任务就是对生物过程的研究、控制和维护。这些过程如：饮料、医药、抗生素、酶、生化试剂的加工过程及酶催化，食品加工和生物废物处理过程。这些过程需要为生物生长设计良好的生长环境以获得最大的生产率。这些环境条件需要进行精细的控制，使他们能够维持在一些特定的控制点或很窄的范围内，经常按照特定的轨迹来进行控制。环境设计包括过程环境，而发酵工程学就包括了如何满足这些需求的方法。
该引言的目的是使读者对发酵设计和工程的一些基本概念能够熟悉，这些是理解项目优化和补料分批发酵反应自适应控制的背景知识。

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1.1. Environmental design
Environmental design is concerned with the determination of the reaction conditions needed for formation of the required product, being mostly interested in obtaining the maximum economic yield, which includes product separation as well as product formation. Reaction conditions include
pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, water activity, nutrients availability and supply of precursors and substrates for product formation.
One concern associated with the presence of these precursors and substrates is the homogeneity, so that all parts of the reactor system are provided with the required environment. All these factors are likely to vary with the time of the fermentation process. The controlled variation of the reaction environment should be then developed as an important tool of process enhancement.
The control should take into account the "nature" of the product of interest: the product can be growth-associated, meaning that the formation of the product and biomass are proportional, or the product might be non-growth-associated. Usually, for this case, biomass is initially formed and then conditions are created for the production of the product. and the organism growth and product formation are likely to have different environmental requirements.

The environment should be free of undesirable organisms which may be unproductive or produce substances that are not controlled, unknown and which contaminate the product or inhibit the desired microorganism. The cost and risk of contamination are factors that are usually balanced against the cost of preventing contamination, which can be very expensive.

翻译如下    (需要一定的威望)：

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1.2. Fermentation engineering
Fermentation engineering involves the design, development, construction and operation of the process plant maintaining the required environment, including the fermentor vessel, the means of supplying the nutrients and substrates, and the systems for controlling the environment, taking into account the difference scale of operation (large quantities against small ones).

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jianfei2000

学好英语很重要!我昨天查了很多设备的单词,可有的查不到,有的很多,不知道我们通常用的是哪一个,以后多请教!

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互相学习。交流才能够学习的更快，更好。

xingfenggu

麻烦把原文贴上 可以吗?谢谢

向碟

1、    引言
生物工艺工程师一项主要的任务就是研究、控制、维持生物的进程。这些生物的进程用于如生产饮料、医药品、抗生素、酶、生化试剂、酶催化反应、食品加工以及生物废物的处理。这些过程需要一个设计良好的生物生长环境以便获取最大产量。这些环境条件需要精确控制到某一特定的点或一个很窄的范围，且经常沿一特定的轨迹。环境设计包括过程环境的确定，发酵工程学提供了满足这些需要的方法。
该引言的目的就是使读者能熟悉发酵设计和发酵工程基本概念。这些概念是理解项目优化和补料分批发酵反应自适应控制必需的背景知识。
1．1环境设计
环境设计涉及到产物形成所需反应条件的确定，主要目的是取得经济效益最大化。包括产品分离和产物的形成。反应条件包括pH、温度、溶氧、水的作用、可用的营养物质、前体的供给以及产物形成所需底物。前体和底物应该是均质的，以便使反应器中各部分的环境一致。所有这些因素都会随发酵进程中时间的改变而改变。受控的反应环境变化应该成为提高进程的重要工具。控制应当考虑产品的特性：产物与生长相关，也就是说产物的形成与生物量是成比例的。或者产物和生长不相关。通常，在这种情况下，先形成一定生物量然后才创造出适合生成产物的条件。也就是说微生物的生长和产物合成所需要的环境条件是不同的。
环境中应当没有杂菌。因为杂菌可能不出产物或者产生一些不可控的、未知的物质。或者污染产物、或者抑制需要的微生物。污染的代价和风险就是要进行抗污染投入的原因。通常比较昂贵。
1．2发酵工程
发酵工程包括设计、开发、建造和操作加工设备（工厂）以维持需要的环境。包括发酵罐、营养基质和底物的供给方法、环境控制系统，包括不同规模的操作。（大的和小的）

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Review on Fed-Batch Fermentations